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NEW QUESTION # 27
Which directory is used bycloud-initto store status information and configuration information retrieved from external sources?
- A. /var/lib/cloud/
- B. /tmp/.cloud/
- C. /proc/sys/cloud/
- D. /etc/cloud-init/cache/
- E. /opt/cloud/var/
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 28
FILL BLANK
What is the default path to the Docker daemon configuration file on Linux? (Specify the full name of the file,Including path.)
Answer:
Explanation:
/etc/docker/daemon.json
Explanation
The default path to the Docker daemon configuration file on Linux is /etc/docker/daemon.json. This file is a JSON file that contains the settings and options for the Docker daemon, which is the service that runs on the host operating system and manages the containers, images, networks, and other Docker resources. The
/etc/docker/daemon.json file does not exist by default, but it can be created by the user to customize the Docker daemon behavior. The file can also be specified by using the --config-file flag when starting the Docker daemon. The file must be a valid JSON object and follow the syntax and structure of the dockerd reference docs12. References:
* Docker daemon configuration file - Medium3
* Docker daemon configuration overview | Docker Docs4
* docker daemon | Docker Docs5
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following statements are true regarding VirtualBox?
- A. It is a hypervisor designed as a special kernel that is booted before the first regular operating system starts.
- B. It is available for Linux only and requires the source code of the currently running Linux kernel to be available.
- C. It provides both a graphical user interface and command line tools to administer virtual machines.
- D. It only supports Linux as a guest operating system and cannot run Windows inside a virtual machine.
- E. It requires dedicated shared storage, as it cannot store virtual machine disk images locally on block devices of the virtualization host.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
VirtualBox is a hosted hypervisor, which means it runs as an application on top of an existing operating system, not as a special kernel that is booted before the first regular operating system starts1. VirtualBox supports a large number of guest operating systems, including Windows, Linux, Solaris, OS/2, and OpenBSD1. VirtualBox does not require dedicated shared storage, as it can store virtual machine disk images locally on block devices of the virtualization host, or on network shares, or on iSCSI targets1. VirtualBox provides both a graphical user interface (GUI) and command line tools (VBoxManage) to administer virtual machines1. VirtualBox is available for Windows, Linux, macOS, and Solaris hosts1, and does not require the source code of the currently running Linux kernel to be available. References:
* Oracle VM VirtualBox: Features Overview
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of the following resources can be limited by libvirt for a KVM domain? (Choose two.)
- A. Number of running processes
- B. File systems allowed in the domain
- C. Number of available files
- D. Amount of CPU lime
- E. Size of available memory
Answer: D,E
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which of the following commands lists all differences between the disk images vm1-snap.img and vm1.img?
- A. virt-diff -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
- B. virt-cp-in -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
- C. virt-cmp -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
- D. virt-history -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
- E. virt-delta -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 32
After creating a new Docker network using the following command:
docker network create --driver bridge isolated_nw
which parameter must be added todocker createin order to attach a container to the network?
- A. --network=isolated_nw
- B. --eth0=isolated_nw
- C. --attach=isolated_nw
- D. --alias=isolated_nw
- E. --ethernet=isolated_nw
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
To attach a container to a network when creating it, the --network flag must be used with the name of the network as the argument. The --network flag specifies the network mode for the container. By default, the network mode is bridge, which means the container is connected to the default bridge network. However, if a custom network is created, such as isolated_nw in this case, the container must be explicitly attached to it using the --network flag. For example, to create a container named web1 and attach it to the isolated_nw network, the command would be:
docker create --name web1 --network isolated_nw nginx
The other options are not valid parameters for docker create. The --eth0, --ethernet, and --attach flags do not exist. The --alias flag is used to specify an additional network alias for the container on a user-defined network, but it does not attach the container to the network. References:
* docker network create | Docker Documentation1
* docker create | Docker Documentation
* Networking overview | Docker Docs2
NEW QUESTION # 33
A clone of a previously used virtual machine should be created. All VM specific information, such as user accounts, shell histories and SSH host keys should be removed from the cloned disk image. Which of the following tools can perform these tasks?
- A. virt-svspre
- B. virt-sparsi
- C. virc-reset
- D. virt-rescue
- E. vire-wipe
- F. sysprep
Answer: F
Explanation:
Explanation
Sysprep is a tool that removes all your personal account and security information, and then prepares the machine to be used as an image. It is supported by Windows and some Linux distributions. It can also remove drivers and other machine-specific settings. Sysprep is required when creating a managed image outside of a gallery in Azure
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/generalize
NEW QUESTION # 34
Which of the following commands deletes all volumes which are not associated with a container?
- A. docker volume prune
- B. docker volume garbage-collect
- C. docker volume vacuum
- D. docker volume cleanup
- E. docker volume orphan -d
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 35
The commandvirsh vol-list vmsreturns the following error:
error: failed to get pool 'vms'
error: Storage pool not found: no storage pool with matching name 'vms ' Given that the directory/vmsexists, which of the following commands resolves this issue?
- A. libvirt-poolctl new --name=/vms --type=dir --path=/vms
- B. dd if=/dev/zero of=/vms bs=1 count=0 flags=name:vms
- C. virsh pool-create-as vms dir --target /vms
- D. touch /vms/.libvirtpool
- E. qemu-img pool vms:/vms
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 36
What happens when the following command is executed twice in succession?
docker run -tid -v data:/data debian bash
- A. Each container is equipped with its own independent data volume, available at /data/ in the respective container.
- B. Both containers share the contents of the data volume, have full permissions to alter its content and mutually see their respective changes.
- C. The second command invocation fails with an error stating that the volume data is already associated with a running container.
- D. The container resulting from the second invocation can only read the content of /data/ and cannot change it.
- E. The original content of the container image data is available in both containers, although changes stay local within each container.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which of the following values are valid in the type attribute of a<domain>element in a libvirt domain definition? (Choose two.)
- A. Ixc
- B. cgroup
- C. namespace
- D. kvm
- E. proc
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Explanation
The type attribute of a <domain> element in a libvirt domain definition specifies the hypervisor used for running the domain. The allowed values are driver specific, but include "xen", "kvm", "hvf" (since 8.1.0 and QEMU 2.12), "qemu" and "lxc"1. Therefore, the valid values among the options are C. kvm and E. lxc. KVM stands for Kernel-based Virtual Machine, which is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or AMD-V)2. LXC stands for Linux Containers, which is an operating system-level virtualization method for running multiple isolated Linux systems (containers) on a single control host3. The other options are not valid values for the type attribute, asthey are either not hypervisors or not supported by libvirt. References:http://libvirt.org/formatdomain.html
https://libvirt.org/formatcaps.html
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which of the following statements is true regarding the following output ofxl list:
- A. Both Debian and Ubuntu require xl commands to start running.
- B. The domain with ID 2 uses Para virtualization.
- C. CentOS is the domain which has consumed the most CPU time.
- D. It is necessary to use the xl command to change Ubuntu's state to running.
- E. Ubuntu is idle or waiting for I/O.
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
The output of xl list shows the state of the domains. The domain with ID 6, Ubuntu, has a state of "b-". This means that the domain is blocked, which means it is idle or waiting for I/O.
https://xenbits.xen.org/docs/unstable/man/xl.1.html
NEW QUESTION # 39
Which of the following commands deletes all volumes which are not associated with a container?
- A. docker volume prune
- B. docker volume garbage-collect
- C. docker volume vacuum
- D. docker volume cleanup
- E. docker volume orphan -d
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The command that deletes all volumes which are not associated with a container is docker volume prune. This command removes all unused local volumes, which are those that are not referenced by any containers. By default, it only removes anonymous volumes, which are those that are not given a specific name when they are created. To remove both unused anonymous and named volumes, the --all or -a flag can be added to the command. The command will prompt for confirmation before deleting the volumes, unless the --force or -f flag is used to bypass the prompt. The command will also show the total reclaimed space after deleting the volumes12.
The other commands listed in the question are not valid or do not have the same functionality as docker volume prune. They are either made up, misspelled, or have a different purpose. These commands are:
* docker volume cleanup: This command does not exist in Docker. There is no cleanup subcommand for docker volume.
* docker volume orphan -d: This command does not exist in Docker. There is no orphan subcommand for docker volume, and the -d flag is not a valid option for any docker volume command.
* docker volume vacuum: This command does not exist in Docker. There is no vacuum subcommand for docker volume.
* docker volume garbage-collect: This command does not exist in Docker. There is no garbage-collect subcommand for docker volume.
References:
* docker volume prune | Docker Docs
* How to Remove all Docker Volumes - YallaLabs.
NEW QUESTION # 40
Which file format is used by libvirt to store configuration data?
- A. SQLite databases
- B. Java-like properties files
- C. Text files containing key/value pairs
- D. INI-style text files
- E. XML files
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
Libvirt uses XML files to store configuration data for objects in the libvirt API, such as domains, networks, storage, etc. This allows for ease of extension in future releases and validation of documents prior to usage.
Libvirt does not use any of the other file formats listed in the question. References:
* libvirt: XML Format
* LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization: Topic 305.1: Virtualization Concepts and Theory
NEW QUESTION # 41
How does Packer interact with system images?
- A. Packer creates an instance based on a source image, prepares the instance through a network connection and bundles the resulting instance as a new system image.
- B. Packer downloads and extracts an image in order to make changes to the image's file system, repack the modified image and upload it again.
- C. Packer periodically connects through the network to the Packer daemons of all running Packer images in order to re-apply the whole template to the running instance.
- D. Packer installs a client within the image which has to be run periodically via cron in order to retrieve the latest template from the Packer server and apply it locally.
- E. Packer has to be installed within the target image and is executed during the image's first boot in order to execute preparation tasks.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Packer is a tool that automates the creation of identical machine images for multiple platforms from a single source configuration. Packer works by creating an instance based on a source image, which is a pre-existing image that serves as a starting point. Packer then connects to the instance through a network connection, such as SSH or WinRM, and runs various commands and scripts to install and configure software within the instance. Packer then shuts down the instance and creates a new system image from it, which can be used to launch new instances. Packer supports many platforms, such as AWS, Azure, VMware, Docker, and others.
Packer does not install any software or run any daemon within the target image, nor does it periodically connect to the running instances to re-apply the template. Packer also does not modify the source image directly, but creates a new image from the modified instance. References:
* Packer by HashiCorp
* HashiCorp Packer - Build Automated Machine Images
* Introduction | Packer | HashiCorp Developer
NEW QUESTION # 42
What is the default provider of Vagrant?
- A. hyperv
- B. docker
- C. lxc
- D. virtualbox
- E. vmware_workstation
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Vagrant is a tool that allows users to create and configure lightweight, reproducible, and portable development environments. Vagrant supports multiple providers, which are the backends that Vagrant uses to create and manage the virtual machines. By default, VirtualBox is the default provider for Vagrant. VirtualBox is still the most accessible platform to use Vagrant: it is free, cross-platform, and has been supported by Vagrant for years. With VirtualBox as the default provider, it provides the lowest friction for new users to get started with Vagrant. However, users can also use other providers, such as VMware, Hyper-V, Docker, or LXC, depending on their preferences and needs. To use another provider, users must install it as a Vagrant plugin and specify it when running Vagrant commands. Users can also change the default provider by setting the VAGRANT_DEFAULT_PROVIDER environmental variable. References:
* Default Provider - Providers | Vagrant | HashiCorp Developer1
* Providers | Vagrant | HashiCorp Developer2
* How To Set Default Vagrant Provider to Virtualbox3
NEW QUESTION # 43
Which of the following statements are true about sparse images in the context of virtual machine storage?
(Choose two.)
- A. Sparse images may consume an amount of space different from their nominal size.
- B. Sparse images are automatically resized when their maximum capacity is about to be exceeded.
- C. Sparse images can only be used in conjunction with paravirtualization.
- D. Sparse images allocate backend storage at the first usage of a block.
- E. Sparse images are automatically shrunk when files within the image are deleted.
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Sparse images are a type of virtual disk images that grow in size as data is written to them, but do not shrink when data is deleted from them. Sparse images may consume an amount of space different from their nominal size, which is the maximum size that the image can grow to. For example, a sparse image with a nominal size of 100 GB may only take up 20 GB of physical storage if only 20 GB of data is written to it. Sparse images allocate backend storage at the first usage of a block, which means that the physical storage is only used when the virtual machine actually writes data to a block. This can save storage space and improve performance, as the image does not need to be pre-allocated or zeroed out.
Sparse images are not automatically shrunk when files within the image are deleted, because the virtual machine does not inform the host system about the freed blocks. To reclaim the unused space, a special tool such as virt-sparsify1 or qemu-img2 must be used to compact the image. Sparse images can be used with both full virtualization and paravirtualization, as the type of virtualization does not affect the format of the disk image. Sparse images are not automatically resized when their maximum capacity is about to be exceeded, because this would require changing the partition table and the filesystem of the image, which is not a trivial task. To resize a sparse image, a tool such as virt-resize3 or qemu-img2 must be used to increase the nominal size and the filesystem size of the image. References: 1 (search for "virt-sparsify"), 2 (search for
"qemu-img"), 3 (search for "virt-resize").
NEW QUESTION # 44
Which of the following are true regarding the CPU of a QEMU virtual machine? (Choose two.)
- A. QEMU uses the concept of virtual CPUs to map the virtual machines to physical CPUs.
- B. The CPU architecture of a QEMU virtual machine is independent of the host system's architecture.
- C. Each QEMU virtual machine can only have one CPU with one core.
- D. QEMU virtual machines support multiple virtual CPUs in order to run SMP systems.
- E. For each QEMU virtual machine, one dedicated physical CPU core must be reserved.
Answer: B,D
NEW QUESTION # 45
What does IaaS stand for?
- A. Infrastructure as a Service
- B. Intelligence as a Service
- C. Instances as a Service
- D. Integration as a Service
- E. Information as a Service
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
IaaS is a type of cloud computing service that offers essential compute, storage, and networking resources on demand, on a pay-as-you-go basis. IaaS is one of the four types of cloud services, along with software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and serverless12. IaaS eliminates the need for enterprises to procure, configure, or manage infrastructure themselves, and they only pay for what they use23. Some examples of IaaS providers are Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, and Amazon Web Services.
NEW QUESTION # 46
After creating a new Docker network using the following command:
docker network create --driver bridge isolated_nw
which parameter must be added todocker createin order to attach a container to the network?
- A. --network=isolated_nw
- B. --eth0=isolated_nw
- C. --attach=isolated_nw
- D. --alias=isolated_nw
- E. --ethernet=isolated_nw
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 47
What kind of virtualization is implemented by LXC?
- A. Paravirtualization
- B. Application containers
- C. System containers
- D. CPU emulation
- E. Hardware containers
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
LXC implements system containers, which are a type of operating-system-level virtualization. System containers allow running multiple isolated Linux systems on a single Linux control host, using a single Linux kernel. System containers share the same kernel with the host and each other, but have their own file system, libraries, andprocesses. System containers are different from application containers, which are designed to run a single application or service in an isolated environment. Application containers are usually smaller and more portable than system containers, but also more dependent on the host kernel and libraries. Hardware containers, CPU emulation, and paravirtualization are not related to LXC, as they are different kinds of virtualization methods that involve hardware abstraction, instruction translation, or modification of the guest operating system. References:
* 1: LXC - Wikipedia
* 2: Linux Virtualization : Linux Containers (lxc) - GeeksforGeeks
* 3: Features - Proxmox Virtual Environment
NEW QUESTION # 48
Which of the following types of guest systems does Xen support? (Choose two.)
- A. Container virtualized guests
- B. Fully virtualized guests
- C. Foreign architecture guests (FA)
- D. Emulated guests
- E. Paravirtualized quests (PVI
Answer: B,E
Explanation:
Explanation
Xen supports two types of guest systems: paravirtualized guests (PV) and fully virtualized guests (HVM).
* Paravirtualized guests (PV) are guests that have been modified to run on the Xen hypervisor. They use a special kernel that communicates with the hypervisor through hypercalls, and use paravirtualized drivers
* for I/O devices. PV guests can run faster and more efficiently than HVM guests, but they require the guest operating system to be ported to Xen and to support the Xen ABI12.
* Fully virtualized guests (HVM) are guests that run unmodified operating systems on the Xen hypervisor.
They use hardware virtualization extensions, such as Intel VT-x or AMD-V, to create a virtual platform for the guest. HVM guests can run any operating system that supports the hardware architecture, but they incur more overhead and performance penalties than PV guests. HVM guests can also use paravirtualized drivers for I/O devices to improve their performance12.
The other options are not correct. Xen does not support foreign architecture guests (FA), emulated guests, or container virtualized guests.
* Foreign architecture guests (FA) are guests that run on a different hardware architecture than the host.
For example, running an ARM guest on an x86 host. Xen does not support this type of virtualization, as it would require emulation or binary translation, which are very complex and slow techniques3.
* Emulated guests are guests that run on a software emulator that mimics the hardware of the host or another platform. For example, running a Windows guest on a QEMU emulator. Xen does not support this type of virtualization, as it relies on the emulator to provide the virtual platform, not the hypervisor. Xen can use QEMU to emulate some devices for HVM guests, but not the entire platform14.
* Container virtualized guests are guests that run on a shared kernel with the host and other guests, using namespaces and cgroups to isolate them. For example, running a Linux guest on a Docker container. Xen does not support this type of virtualization, as it requires the guest operating system to be compatible with the host kernel, and does not provide the same level of isolation and security as hypervisor-based virtualization56.
References:
* Xen Project Software Overview - Xen
* Xen ARM with Virtualization Extensions - Xen
* Xen Project Beginners Guide - Xen
* QEMU - Xen
* Docker overview | Docker Documentation
* What is a Container? | App Containerization | VMware
NEW QUESTION # 49
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